REPORT OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT Stockholm, 5-16 June 1972 UNITED NATIONS New York, 1973 NOTE Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. CONTENTS Abbreviations.........................................................................v PART ONE Action taken by the Conference Chapter 1. DECLARATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT......... 3 11. ACTION PLAN FOR THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT.........................................6 A. Framework for environmental action..................................6 B. Recommendations for action at the international level.....................6 C. The Action Plan...........................................................27 111. RESOLUTION ON INSTITUTIONAL AND FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS........................29 IV. OTHER RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE CONFERENCE...................................32 World Environment Day.........................................................32 Nuclear weapons tests.........................................................32 Convening of a second United Nations Conference on the Human Environment......32 Expression of thanks..........................................................33 V. REFERRAL To GOVERNMENTS OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL...34 PART Two Background VI. CONSTITUTION OF THE CONFERENCE..........................................................................................37 PART THREE Proceedings of the Conference VII. ATTENDANCE AND ORGANIZATION OF WORK.....................................................................................43 A. Participants.......................................................................................................43 B. Opening of the Conference..........................................................................................43 C. Election of the President..........................................................................................43 D. Rules of procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 E. Election of officers other than the President.................................................................43 F. Adoption of the agenda.............................................................................................44 G. Constitution of subsidiary bodies..................................................................................44 VIII. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE GENERAL DEBATE..............................................................................45 IX. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE WORKING GROUP ON THE DECLARATION ON THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT 49 X. ACTION ON REPORTS OF COMMITTEES AND OF THE WORKING GROUP.......51 A. First Committee........................................................51 B. Second Committee..................................................55 C. Third Committee........................................................59 D. Working Group on the Declaration on the Human Environment...63 E. Credentials Committee..................................................66 XI. ADOPTION OF THE ACTION PLAN FOR THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT......................67 XII. ADOPTION OF THE REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE...................................68 ANNEXES Page 1. Report of the Credentials Committee........................................ . .70 II. Report of the Working Group on the Declaration on the Human Environment... III. General Principles for the assessment and Control of the Marine pollution.................................................. IV. List of documents before the Conference................................................................................75 V. Table showing the correspondence between the numbers of the recommendations as they appear in the Report and the numbers of the recommendations as adopted by the conference................................................76 ABBREVIATIONS used in the report of the Conference and in official Conference documents ACC Administrative Committee on Coordination (United Nations) ACMRR Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research ACOMR Advisory Committee on Oceanic Meteorological Research CIAP Interamerican Committee of the Alliance for Progress ECA Economic Commission for Africa (United Nations) ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (United Nations) ECE Economic Commission for Europe (United Nations) ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America (United Nations) ENEA European Nuclear Energy Agency FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GARP Global Atmospheric Research Programme GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GESAMP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (IMCO/FAO/UNESCO/WMO WHO/IAEA/UN) GIPME Global Investigation of Pollution in the Marine Environment IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IAMAP International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer IATA International Air Transport Association IBP International Biological Programme IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICC International Computing Centre ICE International Centre for the Environment ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ICSPRO Inter-Secretariat Committee on Scientific Problems Relating to Oceanography icsu International Council of Scientific Unions IGOSS Integrated Global Ocean Station System IHD International Hydrological Decade ILO International Labour Organisation imco Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization ioc intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission iSSS International Society of Soil Science ITU International Telecommunication Union IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources IUFRO International Union of Forestry Research Organization ivic Institute of Scientific Research, Caracas IWG intergovernmental Working Group IWP Indicative World Plan LEPOR Long-term and Expanded Programme of Oceanic Exploration and Research MAB Man and the Biosphere Programme (UNESCO) OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development SCOPE Scientific Committee On Problems of the Environment SCOR Scientific Committee on Ocean Research UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESOB United Nations Economic and Social Office in Beirut UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development organization UNISIST World Science Information System UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees UNSCEAR United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation WEI World Environment Institute WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WWW World Weather Watch Part one ACTION TAKEN BY THE CONFERENCE Chapter I DECLARATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Having met at Stockholm from 5 to 16 June 1972, Having considered the need for a common outlook and for common principles to inspire and guide the peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of the human environment, Proclaims that: 1. Man is both creature and moulder of his environment, which gives him physical sustenance and affords him the opportunity for intellectual, moral, social and spiritual growth. In the long and tortuous evolution of the human race on this planet a stage has been reached when, through the rapid acceleration of science and technology, man has acquired the power to transform his environment in countless ways and on an unprecedented scale. Both aspects of man's environment, the natural and the man-made, are essential to his well-being and to the enjoyment of basic human rights the right to life itself. 2. The protection and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects the well-being of peoples and economic development throughout the world; it is the urgent desire of the peoples of the whole world and the duty of all Governments. 3. Man has constantly to sum up experience and go on discovering, inventing, creating and advancing. In our time, man's capability to transform his surroundings, if used wisely, can bring to all peoples the benefits of development and the opportunity to enhance the quality of life. Wrongly or heedlessly applied, the same power can do incalculable harm to human beings and the human environment. We see around us growing evidence of man-made harm in many regions of the earth: dangerous levels of pollution in water, air, earth and living beings; major and undesirable disturbances to the ecological balance of the biosphere; destruction and depletion of irreplaceable resources; and gross deficiencies, harmful to the physical, mental and social health of man, in the man-made environment, particularly in the living and working environment. 4. In the developing countries most of the environmental problems are caused by under- development. Millions continue to live far below the minimum levels required for a decent human existence, deprived of adequate food and clothing, shelter and education, health and sanitation. Therefore, the developing countries must direct their efforts to development, bearing in mind their priorities and the need to safeguard and improve the environment. For the same purpose, the industrialized countries should make efforts to reduce the gap themselves and the developing countries. In the industrialized countries, environmental problems are generally related to industrialization and technological development. 5. The natural growth of population continuously presents problems for the preservation of the environment, and adequate policies and measures should be adopted, as appropriate, to face these problems. Of all things in the world, people are the most precious. It is the people that propel social progress, create social wealth, develop science and technology and, through their hard work, continuously transform the human environment. Along with social progress and the advance of production, science and technology, the capability of man to improve the environment increases with each passing day. 6. A point has been reached in history when we must shape our actions throughout the world with a more prudent care for their environmental consequences. Through ignorance or indifference we can do massive and irreversible harm to the earthly environment on which our life and well-being depend. Conversely, through fuller knowledge and wiser action, we can achieve for ourselves and our posterity a better life in an environment more in keeping with human needs and hopes. There are broad vistas for the enhancement of environmental quality and the creation of a good life. What is needed is an enthusiastic but calm state of mind and intense but orderly work. For the purpose of attaining freedom in the world of nature, man must use knowledge to build, in collaboration with nature, a better environment. To defend and improve the human environment for present and future generations has become an imperative goal for mankind-a goal to be pursued together with, and in harmony with, the established and fundamental goals of peace and of worldwide economic and social development. 7. To achieve this environmental goal will demand the acceptance of responsibility by citizens and communities and by enterprises and institutions at every level, all sharing equitably in common efforts. Individuals in all walks of life as well as organizations in many fields, by their values and the sum of their actions, will shape the world environment of the future. Local and national governments will bear the greatest burden for large-scale environmental policy and action within their jurisdictions. International cooperation is also needed in order to raise resources to support the developing countries in carrying out their responsibilities in this field. A growing class of environmental problems, because they are regional or global in extent or because they affect the common international realm, will require extensive cooperation among nations and action by international organizations in the common interest. The Conference calls upon Governments and peoples to exert common efforts for the preservation and improvement of the human environment, for the benefit of all the people and for their posterity. Principles States the common conviction that: Principle 1 Man has the fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being, and he bears a solemn responsibility to protect and improve the environment for present and future generations. In this respect, policies promoting or perpetuating apartheid, racial segregation, discrimination, colonial and other forms of oppression and foreign domination stand condemned and must be eliminated. Principle 2 The natural resources of the earth, including the air, water, land, flora and fauna and especially representative samples of natural ecosystems, must be safeguarded for the benefit of present and future generations through careful planning or management, as appropriate. Principle 3 The capacity of the earth to produce vital renewable resources must be maintained and, wherever practicable, restored or improved. Principle 4 Man has a special responsibility to safeguard and wisely manage the heritage of wildlife and its habitat, which are now gravely imperilled by a combination of adverse factors. Nature conservation, including wildlife, must therefore receive importance in planning for economic development. Principle 5 The non-renewable resources of the earth must be employed in such a way as to guard against the danger of their future exhaustion and to ensure that benefits from such employment are shared by all mankind. Principle 6 The discharge of toxic substances or of other substances and the release of heat, in such quantities or concentrations as to exceed the capacity of the environment to render them harmless, must be halted in order to ensure that serious or irreversible damage is not inflicted upon ecosystems. The just struggle of the peoples of ill countries against pollution should be supported. Principle 7 States shall take all possible steps to prevent pollution of the seas by substances that are liable to create hazards to human health, to harm living resources and marine life, to damage amenities or to interfere with other legitimate uses of the sea. Principle 8 Economic and social development is essential for ensuring a favourable living and working environment for man and for creating conditions on earth that are necessary for the improvement of the quality of life. Principle 9 Environmental deficiencies generated by the conditions of under-development and natural disastersp ose grave problems and can best be remedied by accelerated development through the transfer of substantial quantities of financial and technological assistance as a supplement to the domestic effort of the developing countries and such timely assistance as may be required. Principle 10 For the developing countries, stability of prices and adequate earnings for primary commodities and raw materials are essential to environmental management, since economic factors as well as ecological processes must be taken into account. Principle 11 The environmental policies of all States should enhance and not adversely affect the present or future development potential of developing countries, nor should they hamper the attainment of better living conditions for all, and appropriate steps should be taken by States and international organizations with a view to reaching agreement on meeting the possible national and international economic consequences resulting from the application of environmental measures. Principle 12 Resources should be made available to preserve and improve the environment, taking into account the circumstances and particular requirements of developing countries and any costs which may emanate- from their incorporating environmental safeguards into their development planning and the need for making available to them, upon their request, additional international technical ana financial assistance for this purpose. Principle 13 In order to achieve a more rational management of resources and thus to improve the environment, States should adopt an integrated and coordinated approach to their development planning so as to ensure that development is compatible with the need to protect and improve environment for the benefit of their population. Principle 14 Rational planning constitutes an essential tool for reconciling any conflict between the needs of development and the need to protect and improve the environment. Principle 15 Planning must be applied to human settlements and urbanization with a view to avoiding adverse effects on the environment and obtaining maximum social, economic and environmental benefits for all. In this respect. projects which arc designed for colonialist and racist domination must be abandoned. Principle 16 Demographic policies which are without prejudice to basic human rights and which are deemed appropriate by Governments concerned should be applied in those regions where the rate of population growth or excessive population concentrations are likely to have adverse effects on the environment of the human environment and impede development. Principle 17 Appropriate national institutions must be entrusted with the task of planning, managing or controlling the 9 environmental resources of States with a view to enhancing environmental quality. Principle 18 Science and technology, as part of their contribution to economic and social development, must be applied to the identification, avoidance and control of environmental risks and the solution of environmental problems and for the common good of mankind. Principle 19 Education in environmental matters, for the younger generation as well as adults, giving due consideration to the underprivileged, is essential in order to broaden the basis for an enlightened opinion and responsible conduct by individuals, enterprises and communities in protecting and improving the environment in its full human dimension. It is also essential that mass media of communications avoid contributing to the deterioration of the environment, but, on the contrary, disseminate information of an educational nature on the need to project and improve the environment in order to enable mal to develop in every respect. Principle 20 Scientific research and development in the context of environmental problems, both national and multinational, must be promoted in all countries, especially the developing countries. In this connection, the free flow of up-to-date scientific information and transfer of experience must be supported and assisted, to facilitate the solution of environmental problems; environmental technologies should be made available to developing countries on terms which would encourage their wide dissemination without constituting an economic burden on the developing countries. Principle 21 States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. Principle 22 States shall cooperate to develop further the international law regarding liability ana compensation for the victims of pollution and other environmental damage caused by activities within the jurisdiction or control of such States to areas beyond their jurisdiction. Principle 23 Without prejudice to such criteria as may be agreed upon by the international community, or to standards which will have to be determined nationally, it will be essential in all cases to consider the systems of values prevailing in each country, and the extent of the applicability of standards which are valid for the most advanced countries but which may be inappropriate and of unwarranted social cost for the developing countries. Principle 24 international matters concerning the protection and improvement of the environment should be handled in a cooperative spirit by all countries, big and small, on an equal footing. Cooperation through multilateral or bilateral arrangements or other appropriate means is essential to effectively control, prevent, reduce and eliminate adverse environmental effects resulting from activities conducted in all spheres, in such a way that due account is taken of the sovereignty and interests of all States. Principle 25 States shall ensure that international organizations play a coordinated, efficient and dynamic role for the protection and improvement of the environment. Principle 26 Man and his environment must be spared the effects of nuclear weapons and all other means of mass destruction. States must strive to reach prompt agreement, in the relevant international organs, on the elimination and complete destruction of such weapons. 21st plenary meeting 16 June 1972 Chapter 11 ACTION PLAN FOR THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT A. Framework for environmental action The recommendations adopted by the Conference for the substantive items on the agenda of the Conference are set out in chapter 11, section B, below.' The recommendations have been grouped, in section C, in an Action Plan that makes it possible to identify international programmes and activities across the boundaries of all subject areas. The broad types of action that make up the Plan are: (a) The global environmental assessment programme (Earthwatch); (b) Environmental management activities; (c) International measures to support the national and international actions of assessment and management. The framework of the Action Plan is illustrated in the following diagram. ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MANAGEMENT Evaluation and review Goal setting and planning Research International consultation Monitoring and agreements Information exchange SUPPORTING MEASURES Education and training Organization Public information Financing Technical cooperation B. Recommendations for action at the international level The texts of the recommendations adopted by the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (see chapter X) are given below.' PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Recommendation I The planning, improvement and management of rural and urban settlements demand an approach, at a, I levels, which embraces all aspects of the human environment, both natural and Man-Made. Accordingly, it is recommended: (a) That all development assistance agencies, whether international, such as the United Nations Development Programme and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, regional or national, should in their development assistance activities also give high priority within available resources to requests from Governments for assistance in the planning of human settlements, notably in housing, transportation, water, sewerage and public health, the mobilization of human and financial resources, the improvement of transitional urban settlements and the provision and maintenance of essential community services, in order to achieve as far as possible the social well- being of the receiving country as a whole; (b) That these agencies also be prepared to assist the less industrialized countries in solving the environmental problems of development projects; to this end they should actively support the training and encourage the recruitment of requisite personnel, as far as possible within these countries themselves. Recommendation 2 1. It is recommended that Governments should designate to the Secretary-General areas in which they have committed themselves (or are prepared to commit themselves) to a long-term programme of improvement and global promotion of the environment. (a) In this connection, countries are invited to share internationally all relevant information on the problems they encounter and the solutions they devise in developing these areas. (b) Countries concerned will presumably appoint an appropriate body to plan such a programme, and to supervise its implementation, for areas which could vary in size from a city block to a national region; presumably, too, the programme will be designated to serve, among other purposes, as a vehicle for the preparation and launching of experimental and pilot projects. - (c) Countries which are willing to launch an improvement programme should be prepared to welcome international cooperation, seeking the advice or assistance of competent international bodies. 2. It is further recommended. (a) That in order to ensure the success of the programme, Governments should urge the SecretaryGeneral to undertake a process of planning and coordination whereby contact would be established with nations likely to participate in the programme; international teams of experts might be assembled for that purpose; (b) That a Conference/Demonstration on Experimental Human Settlements should be held under the auspices of the United Nations in order to provide for coordination and the exchange of information and to demonstrate to world public opinion the potential of this approach by means of a display of experimental projects; (c) That nations should take into consideration Canada's offer to organize such a Conference/Demonstration and to act as host to it. Recommendation 3 Certain aspects of human settlements can have international implications, for example, the "export" of pollution from urban and industrial areas, and the effects of seaports on international hinterlands. Accordingly, it is recommended that the attention of Governments be drawn to the need to consult bilaterally or regionally whenever environmental conditions or development plans in one country could have repercussions in one or more neighbouring countries. Recommendation 4 1. It is recommended that Governments and the Secretary-General, the latter in consultation with the appropriate United Nations agencies, take the following steps: (a) Entrust the over-all responsibility for an agreed programme of environmental research at the international level to any central body that may be given the coordinating authority in the field of the environment, taking into account the coordination work already being provided on the regional level, especially by the Economic Commission for Europe; (b) Identify, wherever possible, an existing agency within the United Nations system as the principal focal point for initiating and coordinating research in each principal area and, where there are competing claims, establish appropriate priorities; (c) Designate the following as priority areas for research: (i) Theories, policies and methods for the comprehensive environmental development of urban and rural settlements; (ii) Methods of assessing quantitative housing needs and of formulating and implementing phased programmes designed to satisfy them (principal bodies responsible: Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, regional economic commissions and United Nations Economic and Social Office in Beirut)- (iii)Environmental -socioeconomic indicators of the quality of human settlements, particularly in terms of desirable occupancy standards and residential densities, with a view to identifying their time trends; (iv) Social-economic and demographic factors underlying migration and spatial distribution of population, including the problem of transitional settlements (principal bodies responsible: Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (Centre for Housing, Building and Planning), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, World Health Organization, International Labour Organisation, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations); (v) Designs, technologies, financial and administrative procedures for the efficient and expanded production of housing and related infra- structure, suitably adapted to local conditions; (vi) Water supply, sewerage and waste-disposal systems adapted to local conditions, particularly in semi-tropical, tropical, Arctic and sub- Arctic areas (principal body responsible: World Health Organization); (vii)Alternative methods of meeting rapidly increasing urban transportation needs (principal bodies responsible: Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (Re- sources and Transport Division and Centre for Housing, Building and Planning)); (viii)Physical, mental and social effects of stresses created by living and working conditions in human settlements, particularly urban conglomerates, for example the accessibility of buildings to persons whose physical mobility is impaired (principal bodies responsible: International Labour Organisation, World Health Organization, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat). 2. It is further recommended that Governments con- sider cooperative arrangements to undertake the necessary research whenever the above-mentioned problem areas have a specific regional impact. In such cases, proves on should be made for the exchange of information and research findings with countries of other geographical regions sharing similar problems. Recommendation 5 It is recommended.- (a) That Governments take steps to arrange for the exchange of visits by those who are conducting research in the public or private institutions of their countries; (b) That Governments and the Secretary-General ensure the acceleration of the exchange of information concerning past and on-going research, experimentation and project implementation covering all aspects of human settlements, which is conducted by the United Nations system or by public or private entities, including academic institutions. Recommendation 6 It is recommended that Governments and the Secretary General give urgent attention to the training of those who are needed to promote integrated action on the planning, development and management of human settlements. Recommendation 7 It is Recommended: (a) That Governments and the Secretary-General provide equal possibilities for everybody, both by training, and by ensuring- access to relevant means and information to influence their own environment by themselves; (b) That Governments and the Secretary-General ensure that the institutions concerned shall be strengthened and that special training activities shall be established, making use of existing projects of regional environmental development, for the benefit of the less industrialized countries, covering the following: (i)intermediate and auxiliary personnel for national public services who, in turn, would be in a position to train others for similar tasks (principal bodies responsible: World Health Organization, Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (Centre for Housing, Building, and Planning), United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations); (ii) Specialists in environmental planning and in rural development (principal bodies responsible: Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (Centre for Housing, Building and Planning), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations); (iii) Community developers for self-help programmes for low-income groups (principal body responsible: Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (Centre for Housing, Building and Planning)); (iv)Specialists in working environments (principal bodies responsible: International Labour Organ- isatioii, Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (Centre for Housing, Building and Planning), World Health Organization); (v)Planners and organizers of mass transport systems and services with special reference to environmental development (principal body responsible: Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (Resources and Transport Division)). Recommendation 8 It is recommended that regional institutions take stock of the requirements of their regions for various environmental skills and of the facilities available to meet those requirements in order to facilitate the provision of appropriate training within regions. Recommendation 9 It is recommended that the World Health Organization increase its efforts to support Governments in planning for improving water supply and sewerage services through Its community water supply programme, taking account, as far as possible, of the framework of total environment programmes for communities. Recommendation 10 it is recommended that development assistance agencies should give higher priority, where justified in the light of the social benefits, to supporting Governments in financing and setting up services for water supply, disposal of water from all sources, and liquid-waste and solid waste disposal and treatment as part of the objectives of the Second United Nations Development Decade. Recommendation 11 It is recommended that the Secretary-General ensure that, during the preparations for the 1974 World Population Conference, special attention shall be given to population concerns as they relate to the environment and, more particularly, to the environment of human settlements. Recommendation 12 1. It is Recommended that the World Health Organization and other United Nations agencies should provide increased assistance to Governments which so request in the field of family planning programmes without delay. It is further recommended that the World Health Organization should promote and intensify research endeavour in the field of human reproduction, so that the serious consequences of population explosion on human environment can be prevented. Recommendation 13 It is Recommended that the United Nations agencies should focus special attention on the provision of assistance for combating the menace of human malnutrition rampant in many parts of the world. Such assistance will cover training, research and development endeavours on such matters as causes of malnutrition, mass production Of high-protein and multipurpose foods, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of routine foods, and the launching of applied nutrition programmes. Recommendation 14 it is Environment that the intergovernmental body for environmental affairs to be established within the United Nations should ensure that the required surveys shall be made concerning the need and the technical possibilities for developing internationally agreed standards for measuring and limiting noise emissions and that, if it is deemed advisable, such standards shall be applied in the production of means of transportation and certain kinds of working equipment, without a large price increase or reduction in the aid given to developing countries. Recommendation 15 It is recommended that the Secretary-General, in consultation with the appropriate United Nations bodies, formulate programmes on a world-wide basis to assist countries to meet effectively the requirements of growth of human settlements and to improve the quality of life in existing settlements, in particular, in squatter areas. The programmes referred to in recommendation 15 should include the establishment of subregional centre to undertake, inter alia, the following functions ith other international agencies concerned, strengthen the necessary machinery for the international acquisition of knowledge and transfer of experience on soil capabilities, degradation, conservation and restoration, and to this end: (a) Cooperative information exchange should be facilitated among those nations sharing similar soils, climate and agricultural conditions; (i) The Soil Map of the World being prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations Educational, scientific and Cultural Organization and the inter- national Society of Soil Science should serve to indicate those areas among which transfer of knowledge on soil potentialities and soil degradation and restoration would be most valuable; (ii) This map should be supplemented through the establishment of international criteria and methods for the assessment of soil capabilities and degradations and the collection of additional data based upon these methods and criteria. This should permit the preparation of a World Map of Soil Degradation Hazards as a framework for information exchange in this area; (iii) Information exchange on soil use should account for similarities in vegetation and other environmental conditions as well as those of soil, climate, and agricultural practices; (iv) The FAO Soil Data-Processing System should be developed beyond soil productivity considerations, to include the above-mentioned data and relevant environmental parameters, and to facilitate information exchange between national soil institutions, and eventually soil-monitoring stations; (b) International cooperative research on soil capabilities and conservation should be strengthened and broadened to include: (i) Basic research on soil degradation processes in selected ecosystems under the auspices of the Man and the Biosphere Programme. This research should be directed as a matter of priority to those and areas that are most threatened; (ii) Applied research on soil and water conservation practices under specific land-use conditions with the assistance of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and, where appropriate, other agencies (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, World Health Organization and International Atomic Energy Agency); (iii)Strengthening of existing research centres and, where necessary, establishment of new centres with the object of increasing the production from dry farming areas without any undue impairment of the environment; (iv) Research on the use of suitable soils for waste disposal and recycling; the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the World Health Organization should enter 10 into joint consultations regarding the feasibility of an international programme in this area; k(C) These efforts for international cooperation in research and information exchange on soils should be closely associated with those of the UNDP/WMO/FAO/ UNESCO programme of agricultural biometeorology, in order to facilitate integration of data and practical findings and to support the national programmes of conservation of soil resources recommended above; (d) It should moreover be nc)ted that in addition to the various physical and clrystatic phenomena which contribute to soil degradation- economic and social factors contribute to it as well; among the economic contributor factors, one which should be particularly emphasized y is the payment of inadequate prices for the agricultural produce of developing countries, which prevents farmers in those countries from setting aside sufficient savings for necessary investments in soil regeneration and conservation consequently, urgent remedial action should be taken by the organizations concerned to give new value arted stability to the prices of raw materials of the developed, countries. Recommendation 21 It is recommended that Governments, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization, in cooperation with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the International Atomic Energy Agency, strengthen and co-ordinate international programmes for integrated pest control and reduction of the harmful effects of agro-chemical (a) Existing international activities for the exchange of information and cooperative research and technical assistance to developing countries should be strengthened to support the national programmes described above, with particular reference to: (i) Basic research on ecology effects of pesticides and fertilizers (MAB); (i i)Use of radio-isotope and radiation techniques in studying the fate of pesticides in the environment (joint IAEA/FAO Division); (iii)Evaluation of the possibility of using pesticides of biological origin institution for certain chemical insecticides which causeserious disturbances in the environment; (iv) Dose and timing of fertilizers' application and their effects on soil productivity and the environment (Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations); (v) Management practices arud techniques for integrated pest control, inclunding biological control (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Healtit Organization); (vi) Establishment and/or stregthening of national and regional centres for iiiitegrated pest control, particularly in developing countries (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization (b) Existing expert committees of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization on various aspects of pest control should be convened periodically: (i)(1) To assess recent advances in the relevant fields of research mentioned above; (ii) To review and further develop international guidelines and standards with special reference to national and ecological conditions in relation to the use of chlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides containing heavy metals, and the use and experimentation of biological controls; (c) In addition, ad hoc panels of experts should be convened, by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Health Organization and, where appropriate, the International Atomic Energy Agency, in order to study specific problems, and facilitate the work of the above-mentioned committees. Recommendation 22 It is recommended that the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, under its "War on Waste" programme, place increased emphasis on control and recycling of wastes in agriculture: (a) This programme should assist the national activities relating to: (i) Control and recycling of crop residues and animal wastes; (ii) Control and recycling of agro-industrial waste; (iii) Use of municipal wastes as fertilizers; (b) The programme should also include measures to avoid wasteful use of natural resources through the destruction of unmarketable agricultural products or their use for improper purposes. Recommendation 23 It is recommended that Governments, in cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and other agencies and bodies, establish and strengthen regional and international machinery for the rapid development and management of domesticated livestock of economic importance and their related environmental aspects as part of the ecosystems, particularly in areas of low annual productivity, and thus encourage the establishment of regional livestock research facilities, councils and commissions, as appropriate. Recommendation 24 It is recommended that the Secretary-General take steps to ensure that the United Nations bodies concerned cooperate to meet the needs for new knowledge on the environmental aspects of forests and forest management: (a) Where appropriate, research should be promoted, assisted, coordinated, or undertaken b the Man and the Biosphere Programme (UNESCO), in close cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Meteorological Organization, and with the collaboration of the International Council of Scientific Unions and the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations; (b) Research on comparative legislation, land tenure, institutions, tropical forest management, the effects of the international trade in forest products on national forest environments, and public administration, should be sponsored or coordinated by FAO, in cooperation with other appropriate international and regional organizations; (e) The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, in conjunction with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and other appropriate international organizations, should give positive advice to member countries on the importaunt role of forests with reference to, and in conjunction with, the conservation of soil, watersheds, the protection of tourist sites and wildlife, and recreation, within the over-all framework of the interests of the biosphere. Recommendation 25 It is recommended that the Secretary-General take steps to ensure that continuing surveillance, with the cooperation of Member States, of the world's forest cover shall be provided for through the programmes of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (a) Such a World Forest Appraisal Programme would provide basic data, including data on the balance between the world's forest biomass and the prevailing environment, and changes in the forest biomass, considered to have a significant impact on the environment; (b) The information could be collected from existing inventories and on-going activities and through remotesensing techniques; (c) The forest protection programme described above might be incorporated within this effort, through the use of advanced technology, such as satellites which use different types of imagery and which could constantly survey all forests. Recommendation 26 It is recommended that the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations coordinate an international programme for research and exchange of information on forest fires, pests and diseases: (a) The programme should include data collection and dissemination, identification of potentially susceptible areas and of means of suppression; exchange of information on technologies, equipment and techniques; research, including integrated pest control and the influence of fires on forest ecosystems, to be undertaken by the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations; establishment of a forecasting system in cooperation with the World Meteorological Organization; organization of seminars and study tours; the facilitation of bilateral agreements for forest protection between neighbouring countries, and the development of effective international quarantines; (b) Forest fires, pests and diseases will frequently each require separate individual treatment. Recommendation 27 It is recommended that the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations facilitate the transfer of information on forests and forest management: (a) The amount of knowledge that can usefully be exchanged is limited by the differences of cliniatic zones and forest types; (b) The exchange of information should, however, be encouraged among nations sharing similarities; considerable knowledge is already exchanged amono, the industrialized nations of the temperate zone; (c) Opportunities exist, despite differences, for the useful transfer of information to developing countries on the environmental aspects of such items as: (i) the harvesting and industrialization of some tropical hardwoods; (ii) pine cultures; (iii) the principles of forest management systems and management science; (iv) soils and soil interpretations relating to forest management; (v) water r6gimes and watershed management; (vi) forest industries pollution controls, including both technical and economic data; (vii) methods for the evaluation of forest resources through sampling techniques, remote sensing, and data-processing; (viii) control of destructive fires and pest outbreaks; and (ix) coordination in the area of the definition and standardization of criteria and methods for the economic appraisal of forest environmental influences and for the comparison of alternative uses. Recommendation 28 It is recommended that the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations strengthen its efforts in support of forestry projects and research projects, possibly for production, in finding species which are adaptable even in areas where this is exceptionally difficult because of ecological conditions. Recommendation 29 It is recommended that the Secretary-General ensure that the effect of pollutants upon wildlife shall be considered, where appropriate, within environmental monitoring systems. Particular attention should be paid to those species of wildlife that may serve as indicators for future wide environmental disturbances, and an ultimate impact upon human populations. Recommendation 30 It is recommended that the Secretary-General ensure the establishment of a programme to expand present data-gathering processes so as to assess the total economic value of wildlife resources. (a) Such data would facilitate the task of monitoring the current situation of animals endangered by their trade value, and demonstrate to questioning nations the value of their resources; (b) Such a programme should elaborate upon current efforts of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and inight well produce a yearbook of wildlife 2 statistics. Recommendation 31 It is recommended that the Secretary-General ensure that the appropriate United Nations agencies cooperate with the Governments of the developing countries to develop special short-term training courses on wildlife 2 management: (a) Priority should be g*ven to conversion courses for personnel trained in related disciplines such as forestry or animal husbandry; (b) Special attention should be given to the establishment and support of regional trainiiia schools for technicians. Recommendation 32 It is recommended that Governments give attention to the need to enact international conventions and treaties to protect species inhabiting international waters or those which migrate from one country to another: (a) A broadly-based convention should be considered which would provide a framework by which criteria for oame relulations could be agreed upoll and the overexpioitation of resources curtailed by signatory countries; (b) A working aroup should be set up as soon as Possible by the appropriate authorities to consider these problems and to advise on the need for, and possible scope of, such conventions or treaties. Recommendation 33 It is recommended that Governments agree to strengthen the International Whaling Commission, to increase international research efforts, and as a matter of urgency to call for an international agreement, under the auspices of the International Whaling Commission and involving all Governments concerned, for a 10-year moratorium on commercial whaling. Recommendation 34 It is recommended that Governments and the SecretaryGeneral give special attention to training requirements ill the management of parks and protected areas: (a) High-level training should be provided and supported: (i) In addition to integration- aspects of national parks planning and management into courses on forestry and other subjects, special degrees should be offered in park management; the traditional forestry, soil and geology background of the park manager must be broadened into an integrated approach; (ii) Graduate courses in natural resources administration should be made available in at least one major university in every continent; 2 Whereas elsewhere in this report the expression "wildlife" is meant to include both animals and plants, it should be understood here to be restricted to the most important animals. (b) Schools offering courses in national park management at a medium-grade level should be assisted by the establishment or expansion of facilities, particularly in Latin America and Asia. Recommendation 35 It is recommended that the Secretary-General take steps to ensure that an appropriate mechanism shall exist for the exchange of information on national parks legislation and planning and management techniques developed in some countries which could serve as guidelines to be made available to any interested country. Recommendation 36 It is recommended that the Secretary-General take steps to ensure that the appropriate United Nations agencies shall assist the developing countries to plan for the inflow of visitors into their protected areas in such a way as to reconcile revenue and environmental considerations within the context of the recommendations approved by the Conference. The other international organizations concerned may likewise make their contribution. Recommendation 37 It is recommended that Governments take steps to coordinate, and cooperate in the management of, neighbouring or contiguous protected areas. Agreement should be reached on such aspects as mutual legislation, patrolling systems, exchange of information, research project, collaboration on measures of burning, plant and anim"i control, fishery regulations, censuses, tourist circuits and frontier formatities. Recommedation 38 It is recommended that Governments take steps to set aside areas representing ecosystems of international significance for protection under international agreement. Recommendation 39 It is recommended that Governments, in cooperation with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations where indicated, agree to an international programme to preserve the world's genetic resources: (a) Active participation at the national and international levels is involved. It must be recognized, however, that while survey, collection, and dissemination of these genetic resources are best carried out on a regional or international basis, their actual evaluation and utilization are matters for specific institutions and individual workers; international participation in the latter should concern exchange of techniques and findings; (b) An international network is required with appropriate machinery to facilitate the interchange of information and genetic material among countries; (c) Both static (seed banks, culture collection etc.) ana dynamic (conservation of populations in evolving natural environments) ways are needed. (d) Action is necessary in six interrelated areas: (i) Survey of genetic resources; (ii) Inventory of collections; (iii)Exploration and collecting; (iv) Documentation; (v) Evaluation and utilization; (vi) Conservation, which represents the crucial element to which all other programmes relate; (e) Although the international programme relates to all types of genetic resources, the action required for each resource will vary according to existing needs and activities. Recommendation 40 It is recommended that Governments, in cooperation with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations where indicated, make inventories of the genetic resources most endangered by depletion or extinction: (a) All species threatened by man's development should be included in such inventories; (b) Special attention should be given to locating in this field those areas of natural genetic diversity that are disappearing; (c) These inventories should be reviewed periodically and brought up to date by appropriate monitoring; (d) The survey conducted by FAO in collaboration with the International Biological Programme is designed to provide information on endangered crop genetic resources by 1972, but will require extension and follow-up. Recommendation 41 It is recommended that Governments, in cooperation with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations where indicated, compile or extend, as necessary, registers of existing collections of genetic resources: (a) Such registers should identify which breeding and experiment stations, research institutions and Universities maintain which collections; (b) Major gaps in existing collections should be identified where material is in danger of being lost; (c) These inventories of collections should be transformed for computer handling and made available to all potential users; (d)In respect of plants: (i) It would be expected that the "advanced varieties" would be well represented, but that primitive materials would be found to be scarce and require subsequent action; (ii) The action already initiated by FAO, several national institutions, and international foundations should be supported and expanded. (e) In respect of micro-organisms, it is recommended that each nation develop comprehensive inventories of culture collections: (i) A cataloguing of the large and small collections and the value of their holdings is required, rather than a listing of individual strains; (ii) Many very small but unique collections, sometimes the works of a single specialist, are lost; 13 (iii) Governments should make sure that valuable gene pools held by individuals or small institutes are also held in national or regional collections. In respect of animal germ plasm, it is recommended that FAO establish a continuing mechanism to assess and maintain catalogues of the characteristics of domestic animal breeds, types and varieties in all nations of the world. Likewise, FAO should establish such lists where required. (g) ln respect of aquatic organisms, it is recommended that FAO conipile a catalogue of genetic resources of cultivated species and promote intensive studies on the methods of preservation and storage of genetic material. Recommendation 42 It is recommended that Governments, in cooperation with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations where indicated, initiate immediately, in cooperation with all interested parties, programmes of exploration and collection wherever endangered species have been identitied which are not included in existing collections: (a) An emergency programme, with the cooperation of the Man and the Biosphere Prouramme, of plant exploration and collection should be launched on the basis of the FAO List of Emergency Situations for a five-year period; (b) With regard to forestry species, in addition to the efforts of the Danish/FAO Forest Tree Seed Centre, the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations, and the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources, support is needed for missions planned for Latin America West Africa, the East Indies and India. Recommendation 43 it is recommended that Governments, in cooperation with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations where indicated: 1. Recocanize that conservation is a most crucial part of any genetic resources programme. Moreover, major types of genetic resources must be treated separately because: (a) They are each subject to different programmes and priorities; (b)They serve different uses and purposes; (c) They require different expertise, techniques and facilities; 2. In respect of plant germ plasms (agriculture and forestry), organize and equip national or regional genetic resources conservation centres: (a) Such centres as the National Seed Storage Laboratory in the United States of America and the Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics already provide good examples; (b) Working collections should be established separately from the basic collections; these will usually be located at plant and breeding stations and will be widely distributed; (c) Three classes of genetic crop resources niust be conserved: (i)High-producing varieties in current use and those they have superseded; (i i) Primitive varieties of traditional prescientificagriculture (recognized as genetic treasuries for plan improvement); (iii)Mutations induced by radiation or chemical means; (d) Species contributing to environniental improve-ment, such as sedge used to stabilize sand dunes, should be conserved; (e) Wild or weed relatives of crop species and those wild species of actual or potential use iii rangelands, industry, new crops etc. should be included; 3. In respect of plant germ plasms (agriculture and forestry), maintain gene pools of wild-plant species within their natural communities. Therefore: (a) It is essential that prieval forests, bushiands and grasslands which contain important forest genetic resources be identified and protected by appropriate technical and legal means; systems of reserves exist in most countries, but a strengthening of international understanding on methods of protection and on availability of material may be desired; (b) Conservation of species of medical, aesthetic or research value should be assured; (C) The network of biological reserves proposed by UNESCO (Man and the Biosphere Programme) should be designed, where feasible, to protect these natural communities; (d) Where protection in nature becomes uncertain or impossible, then means such as seed storage or living collections in provenance trials or botanic gardens must be adopted; 4. Fully implement the programmes initiated by the FAO Panels of Experts on forest gene resources in 1968 and on plant exploration and introduction in 1970; 5. In respect of animal germ plasms, consider the desirability and feasibility of international action to preserve breeds or varieties of animals: (a) Because such an endeavour would constitute a major effort beyond the scope of any one nation, FAO would be the logical executor of such a project. Close cooperation with Governments would be necessary, however. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources might, logically, be given responsibility for wild species, in cooperation with FAO, the Man and the Biosphere Programme (UNESCO), and Governments; (b) Any such effort should also include research on methods of preserving, storing, and transporting germ plasm; (c) Specific methods for the maintenance of gene pools of aquatic species should be developed; (d) The recommendations of the FAO Working Party Meeting on Genetic Selection and Conservation of Genetic Resources of Fish, held in 1971, should be implemented; 6. In respect of micro-organism germ plasms, cooperatively establish and properly fund a few large regional collections: (a) Full use should be made of major collections now in existence; (b) In order to provide geographical distribution and access to the developing nations, regional centres should be established in Africa, Asia and Latin America and the existing centres in the developed world should be strengthened; 7. Establish conservation centres of insect germ plasm. The very difficult and long process of selecting or breeding insects conducive to biological control programmes can begin only in this manner. Recommendation 44 It is recommended that Governments, in cooperation with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations where indicated, recognize that evaluation and utilization are critical corollaries to the conservation of genetic resources. In respect of crop-breeding programmes, it is recommended that Governments give special emphasis to: (a) The quality of varieties and breeds and the potential for increased yields; (b) The ecological conditions to which the species are adapted; (c) The resistance to diseases, pests and other adverse factors; (d) The need for a multiplicity of efforts so as to increase the chances of success. Recommendation 45 It is recommended that Governments, in cooperation with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations where indicated: 1. Collaborate to establish a global network of national and regional institutes relating to genetic resource conservation based on agreements on the availability of material and information, on methods, on technical standards, and on the need for technical and financial assistance wherever required: (a) Facilities should be designed to assure the use of the materials and information: (i) by breeders, to develop varieties and breeds both giving higher yields and having higher resistance to local pests and diseases and other adverse factors; and (ii) by users providing facilities and advice for the safest and most profitable utilization of varieties and breeds most adapted to local conditions; (c) Standardized storage and retrieval facilities for the exchange of information and genetic material should be developed: (i) Information should be made generally available and its exchange facilitated through agreement on (ii) methods and technical standards; (iii) International standards and regulations for the shipment of materials should be agreed upon; Basic collections and data banks should be replicated in at least two distinct sites, and should remain a national responsibility; (iv) A standardized and computerized system of documentation is required; (d) Technical and financial assistance should be provided where required; areas of genetic diversity are most frequently located in those countries most poorly equipped to institute the necessary programmes; 2. Recognize that the need for liaison among the parties participating in the global system of genetic resources conservation requires certain institutional innovations. To this end: (a) It is recommended that the appropriate United 14ations agency establish an international liaison unit for plant genetic resources in order: (i) To improve liaison between governmental and non-governmental efforts; (ii) To assist in the liaison and cooperation between national and regional centres, with special em- phasis on international agreements on methodology and standards of conservation of genetic material, standardization and coordination of computerized record systems, and the exchange of information and material between such centres; (iii) To assist in implementing training courses in exploration, conservation and breeding methods and techniques; (iv) To act as a central repository for copies of computerized information on gene pools (discs and tapes); (v)To provide the secretariat for periodic meetings of international panels and seminars on the subject; a conference on germ plasm conservation might be convened to follow up the successful conference of 1967; (vi) To plan and coordinate the five-year emergency programme on the conservation of endangered species; (vii) To assist Governments further, wherever require d, in implementing their national pro- grammes; (viii) To promote the evaluation and utilization of genetic resources at the national and inter- national levels; (b) It is recommended that the appropriate United Nations agency initiate the required programme on (b) Such cooperation would apply to all genetic micro-organism germ plasm resource conservation centres and to all types mentioned (i) Periodic international conferences involving those in the foregoing recommendations; concerned with the maintenance of and research on gene pools of micro-organisms should be supported; (i 1) Such a programme might interact with the proposed regional culture centres by assuring that each centre places high priority on the training of scientists and technicians from the developing nations; acting as a necessary liaison; and tending financial assistance to those countries established outside the developed countries; (iii) The international exchan e of pure collections of micro-organisms between the major collec- tions of the world has operated for many years and requires little re-enforcement; (iv) Study should be conducted particularly on waste disposal and recycling, controlling diseases and pests, and food technology and nutrition; (c) It is recommended that the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations institute a programme in respect of animal gerin plasm to assess and maintain catalogues of the economic characteristics of domestic animal breeds and types and of wild species and to establish gene pools of potentially useful types; (d) It is recommencied that the Man and the Biosphere project on the conservation of natural areas and the genetic material contained therein should be adequate)Y supported. Recommendation 46 It iv recommended that Governments, and the SecretaryGeneral in cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and other United Nations organizations concerned, as well as development assistance agencies, take steps to support recent guidelines, recommendations and programmes of the various international fishing organizations. A large part of the needed international action has been identified with action programmes initiated by FAO and its intergovernmental Committee on Fisheries and approximately 24 other bilateral and multilateral interna'ti'onai coi-nmissions, councils and committees. In particular tlicse organizations are planning and undertaking: (a) Cooperative prograi-nmes such as that of LEPOR (Long-Term and Expanded Programme of Oceanic Research), GIPME (Global Investigation of Pollution in the Marine Environment) and IBP (International Biological Programme); (b) Exchange of data, supplementing and expalicing the services inaintained by FAO and bodies within its framework in compiling, disseminating and co-ordinati . ng information on living aquatic resources and their environment and fisheries activities; (c) Evaluation and monitoring of world fishery rcsources, environmental conditions, stock assessment, including statistics on catch and effort, and the economics of fisheries; (d) Assistance to Governments iii interpretiny the implications of such assessments, identifying alternative management measures, and formulating required actions; (e) Special prograninies and recommendations for management of stocks of fish and other aquatic animals proposed by the existing international fishery bodies. Damage to fish stocks has often occurred because regulatory action is taken too slowly. In the past, the need for managei-nent action to be nearly unanimous has reduced action to the minimum acceptable level. Recommendation 47 It is recommended that Governments, and the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations i,n cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations an other United Nations organizations concerned, as well as developi-nent assistance agencies, take steps to ensure close participation of fishery agencies and interests in the preparations for the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. In order to safeguard the marine environment and its resources through the development of effective and workable principles and laws, the information and insight of international and regional fishery bodies, as well as the national fishery agencies are essential. Recommendation 48 It is Recommended that Governnients, and the SecretaryGeneral in cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nat* n s and other United Nations organizations concerned, as well as development assistance agencies, take steps to ensure international cooperation in the research, control and regulation of the side effects of national activities in resource utilization where these affect the aquatic resources of other nations: (a) Estuaries, intertidal marshes, and other near-shore and in-shore enviromments play a crucial role in the maintenance of several marine fish stocks. Similar problems exist in those fresh-water fisheries that occur in shared waters; (b) Discharge of toxic cheniicals, heavy metals, and etlier wastes may affect even high-seas resources; (c) Certain exotic species, notably the carp, lamprey and alewife, have invaded international waters with deleterious effects as a result of unregulated unilateral action. Recommendation 49 It is recommended that Governments, and the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations in cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and other United Nations organizations concerned, as well as development assistance agencies, take steps to develop further and strengthen facilities for collecting, analysing and disseminating data on living aquatic resources and the environment in which they live: (a) Data already exist concerning the total harvest froin the oceans and from certain regions in respect of individual fish stocks, their quantity, and the fishing efforts expended oii them, and in respect of their popuLlation structure, distribution and cliaiiges. This coverage needs to be improved and extended; (b) It is clear that a much greater range of biological parameters must be monitored and analysed in order to 'provide an adequate basis for evaluating the interaction of stocks and nianagiilg the combined resources of many stocks. There is no institutional constraint on this expansion but a substantial increase in funding is needed by FAO and other international organizations concerned to meet this expanding need for data; (c) Full utilization of present and expanded data facilities is dependent on the cooperation of Governments in developing local and regional data networks, making existing data available to FAO and to the international bodies, and formalizing the links between national and international agencies responsible for moni- toring and evaluating fishery resources. Recommendation 50 It is recommended that Governments, and the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations in cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and other United Nations organizations concerned, as well as development assistance agencies, take steps to ensure full cooperation among Governments by strengthening the existing international and regional machinery for development and management of fisheries and their related environmental aspects and, in those regions where these do not exist, to encourage the establishment of fishery councils and commissions as appropriate. (a) The operational efficiency of these bodies will depend largely on the ability of the participating countries to carry out their share of the activities and programmes; (h) Technical support and servicing from the specialized agencies, in particular from FAO, is also required; (c) The assistance of bilateral and international funding agencies will be needed to ensure the full participation of the developing countries in these activities. Recommendation 51 It is recommended that Governments concerned consider the creation of river-basin commissions or other appropriate machinery for cooperation between interested States for water resources common to more than one jurisdiction. (a) In accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, full consideration must be given to the right of permanent sovereignty of each country concerned to develop its own resources; (b)The following principles should be considered by the States concerned when appropriate: (i) Nations agree that when major water resource activities are contemplated that may have a significant environmental effect on another country, the other country should be notified well in advance of the activity envisaged; (ii) The basic objective of all water resource use and development activities from the environmental point of view is to ensure the best use of water and to avoid its pollution in each country; (iii) The net benefits of hydrologic regions common to more than one national jurisdiction are to be shared equitably by the nations affected; (c) Such arrangements,when deemed appropriate by the States concerned, will permit undertaking on a regional basis: (i) Collection, analysis, and exchanges of hydrologic data through some international mechanism agreed upon by the States concerned; (ii) Joint data-collection programmes to serve planning needs; (iii) Assessment of environmental effects of existing water uses; (iv) Joint study of the causes and symptoms of problems related to water resources, taking into account the technical, economic, and social considerations of water quality control; (v) Rational use, including a programme of quality control, of the water resource as an environmental asset; (vi) Provision for the judicial and administrative protection of water rights and claims; (vii) Prevention and settlement of disputes with reference to the management and conservation of water resources; (viii) Financial and technical cooperation of a shared resource; (d) Regional conferences should be organized to promote the above considerations. Recommendation 52 It is recommended that the Secretary-General take steps to ensure that appropriate United Nations bodies support government action with regard to water resources where required: 1. Reference is made to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Health Organization, the World Meteorological Organization, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (Resources and Transport Division), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization/International Hydrological Decade, the regional economic commissions and the United Nations Economic and Social Office in Beirut. For example: (a) The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has established a Commission on Land and Water Use for the Middle East which promotes regional cooperation in research, training and information, inter alia on water management problems; (b) The World Health Organization has available the International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal located at Dabendorf, Switzerland, and International Reference Centre on Community Water Supply in the Netherlands; (c) The World Meteorological Organization has a Commission on Hydrology which provides guidance on data collection and on the establishment of hydrological networks; (d) The Resources and Transport Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat, has the United Nations Water Resources, Development Centre; (e) The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is sponsoring the International Hydrological Decade programme of coordinated research on the quality and quantity of world water resources. 2. Similar specialized centres should be established at the regional level in developing countries for training research and information exchange on: (a) Inland water pollution and waste disposal ill cooperation with the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations regional economic commissions and the United Nations Economic and Social Office in Beirut; (b) Water management for rain-fed and irrigated agriculture, by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in cooperation with the regional economic commissions and the United Nations Economic and Social Office in Beirut; (c) Integrated water resources planning and management in cooperation with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (Resources and Transport Division), the regional ecoiiomic commissions, and the United Nations Economic and Social Office in Beirut. Recommendation 53 It is recommended that the Secretary-General take steps to ensure that the United Nations system is prepared to provide technical and financial assistance to Governments when requested in the different functions of water resources management: (a) Surveys and inventories; (b) Water resources administration and policies, in-cluding: (i)(1) The establishment of institutional frameworks; (ii)Economic structures of water resources Management and development; (iii) Water resources law and legislation; (e) Planning and management techniques, including: (i) The assignment of water quality standards; (ii) The implementation of appropriate technology; (iii)More efficient use and re-use of limited water supplies; (d) Basic and applied studies and research; (e) Transfer of existing knowledge; (f) Continuing support of the programme of the International Hydrological Decade. Recommendation 54 It is recontmended that the Secretary-General take steps to establish a roster of experts who would be available to assist Governments, upon request, to anticipate and evaluate the environmental effects of major water development projects. Governments would have the opportunity of consulting teams of experts drawn from this roster, in the first stages of project planning. Guidelines could be prepared to assist in the review and choices of alternatives. 18 Recommendation 55 It is recommended that the Secretary-General take steps to conduct an exploratory programme to assess the actual and potential environmental effects of water management upon the oceans, define terms and estimate the costs for a comprehensive programme of action, and establish and maintain as far as possible: (a) A world registry of major or otherwise important rivers arranged regionally and classified according to their discharge of water and pollutants; (b) A world registry of clean rivers which would be defined in accordance with internationally agreed quality criteria and to which nations would contribute on a voluntary basis: (i)The oceans are the ultimate recipient for the natural and man-made wastes discharged into the river systems of the continents; (i i) Changes in the amount of river-flow into the oceans, as well as in its distribution in space and time, may considerably affect the physical, chemical and biological r6gime of the estuary regions and influence the oceanic water systems; (iii)It would be desirable for nations to declare their intention to have admitted to the world registry of clean rivers those rivers within their - jurisdiction that meet the quality criteria as defined and to declare their further intention to ensure that certain other rivers shall meet those quality criteria by some target date. Recommendation 56 It is recommendations that the Secretary-General provide the appropriate vehicle for the exchange of information on mining and mineral processing. (a) Improved accessibility and dissemination of existing information is required; the body of literature and experience is already larger than one would think. (b) Possibilities include the accumulation of infornation on: (i) the environmental conditions of mine sites; (ii ) the action taken in respect of the environment; and (iii) the positive and negative environmental repercussions. (c) Such a body of information could be used for prediction. Criteria for the planning and management of mineral production would emerge and would indicate where certain kinds of mining should be limited, where reclamation costs would be particularly high, or where other problems would arise. (d) The appropriate United Nations bodies should make efforts to assist the developing countries by, inter alia, providing adequate information for each country on the technology for preventing present or future environmentally adverse effects of mining and the adverse health and safety effects associated with the mineral industry and by accepting technical trainees and sending experts. Recommendation 57 It is recommended that the Secretary-General take steps to ensure proper collection, measurement and analysis _ of data relating to the environmental effects of energy use and production within appropriate monitoring systems. (a) The design and operation of such networks should include, in particular, monitoring the environmental levels resulting from emission of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, oxidants, nitrogen oxides (NO.), heat and particulates, as well as those from releases of oil and radioactivity; (b) In each case the objective is to learn more about the relationships between such levels and the effects on weather, human health, plant and animal life, and amenity values. Recommendation 58 It is recommended that the Secretary-General take steps to give special attention to providing a mechanism for the exchange of information on energy: (a) The rationalization and integration of resource management for energy will clearly require a solid understanding of the complexity of the problem and of the multiplicity of alternative solutions; (b) Access to the large body of existing information should be facilitated: (i) Data on the environmental consequences of different energy systems should be provided through an exchange of national experiences, studies, seminars, and other appropriate meetings; (ii) A continually updated register of research involving both entire systems and each of its stages should be maintained. Recommendation 59 It is recommended that the Secretary-General take steps to ensure that a comprehensive study be promptly undertaken with the aim of submitting a first report, at the latest in 1975, on available energy sources, new technology, and consumption trends, in order to assist in providing a basis for the most effective development of the world's energy resources, with due regard to the environmental effects of energy production and use: such a study to be carried out in collaboration with appropriate international bodies such as the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Recommendation 60 It is recommended that the Secretary-General, in cOoperation with Governments concerned and the appropriate international agencies, arrange for systematic audits of natural resource development projects in representative ecosystems of international significance to be undertaken jointly with the Governments concerned after, and where feasible before, the implementation of such projects.-, 3 Projects might include new agricultural settlement of subtropical and tropical zones, irrigation and drainage in and zones, tropical forestry development, major hydroelectric developments, land reclamation works in tropical lowland coastal areas, and settlement of nomads in semi-arid zones. The cost of audits in developing countries should not be imputed to the costs of the resource development projects but financed from separate international sources. 19 Recommendation 61 It is recommended that the Secretary-General, in cooperation with Governments concerned and the appropriate international agencies, provide that pilot studies be conducted in representative ecosystems of international significance to assess the environmental impact of alternative approaches to the survey, planning and development of resource projects. Recommendation 62 It is recommended that the Secretary-General, in cooperation with Governments concerned and the appropriate international agencies, provide that studies be conducted to find out the connexion between the distribution of natural resources and people's welfare and the reasons for possible discrepancies. Recommendation 63 It is recommended that the Secretary-General take steps to ensure that international development assistance agencies, in cooperation with recipient Governments, intensify efforts to revise and broaden the criteria of development project analysis to incorporate environmental impact considerations. Recommendation 64 It is recommended that the Secretary-General take steps to ensure that the United Nations agencies concerned undertake studies on the relative costs and benefits of synthetic i,ersus natural products serving identical uses. Recommendation 65 It is recommended that the Man and the Biosphere Programme be vigorously pursued by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in cooperation with other United Nations organizations and other international scientific organizations. Recommendation 66 It is recommended that the World Meteorological Organization initiate or intensify studies on the interrelationships of resource development and meteorology. Recommendation 67 It is recommended that the Secretary-General, in cooperation with interested Governments and United Nations specialized agencies, take the necessary steps to encourage the further development of remote-sensing techniques for resources surveys and the utilization of these techniques on the basis of proper international arrangements. Recommendation 68 It is recommended that the Secretary-General, in cooperation with the appropriate agencies of the United Nations and other international organizations, promote jointly with interested Governments the development of methods for the integrated planning and management of natural resources, and provide, when requested, advice to Governments on such methods, in accordance with the particular environmental circumstances of each country. Recommendation 69 It is recommended that the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations expand its present prograinme on the stabilization of marginal lands. IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTANTS OF BROAD INTERNATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE A. POLLUTION GENERALLY Recommendation 70 It is Recommended that Governments be Mindfull of activities in which there is an appreciable risk of effects on climate, and to this end: (a) Carefully evaluate the likelihood and magnitude of climatic effects and disseniinate their findings to the maximum extent feasible before embarking on such activities; (b) Consult fully other interested States when activities carrying a risk of such effects are being contemplated or implemented. Recommendation 71 It is recommended that Governments use the best practicable means available to minimize the release to the environment of toxic or dangerous substances, especially if they are persistent substances such as heavy metals and organochlorine compounds, until it has been demonstrated that their release will not give rise to unacceptable risks or unless their use is essential to human health or food production, in which case appropriate control measures should be applied. Recommendation 72 It is recommended that in establishing standards for pollutants of international significance, Governments take into account the relevant standards proposed by competent international organizations, and concert with other concerned Governments and the competent international organizations in planning and carrying Out control programmes for pollutants distributed oeyoncl the national jurisdiction from which they are released. Recommendation 73 It is recommended that Governments actively support, and contribute to, international programmes to acquire knowledge for the assessment of pollutant sources, pathways, exposures and risks and that those Governments in a position to do so provide educational, technical and other forms of assistance to facilitate broad participation by countries regardless of their economic or technical advancement. Recommendation 74 It is, recommended that the Secretary-General, drawing on the resources of the entire United Nations system, an d with tile active support of Governments and appropriate scientific and other international bodies: (a) Increase the capability of the United Nations system to provide awareness and advance warning of deleterious effects to human health and well-beidg from man-made pollutants; (b) Provide this information in a form which is useful to policy-makers at the national level; (c) Assist those Governments which desire to incorporate these and other environmental factors into national planning processes; (d) Improve the international acceptability of procedures for testing pollutants and contaminants by: (i) International division of labour in carrying out the large-scale testing programmes needed; (i i)Development of international schedules of tests for evaluation of the environmental impact potential of specific contaminants or products. Such a schedule of tests should include consideration of both short-term and long-term effects of all kinds, and should be reviewed and brought up to date from time to time to take into account new knowledge and techniques; (iii)Development and implementation of an international intercalibration programme for sampling and analytical techniques to permit more meaningful comparisons of national data; (e) Develop plans for an International Registry of Data on Chemicals in the Environment based on a collection of available scientific data on the environmental behaviour of the most important man-made chemicals and containing production figures of the potentially most harmful chemicals, together with their pathways from factory via utilization to ultimate disposal or recirculation. Recommendation 75 It is recommended that, without reducing in any way their attention to non-radioactive pollutants, Governments should: (a) Explore with the International Atomic Energy Agency and the World Health Organization the feasibility of developing a registry of releases to the biosphere of significant quantities of radioactive materials; (b) Support and expand, under the International Atomic Energy Agency and appropriate international organizations, international cooperation on radioactive waste problems, including problems of mining and tailings and also including coordination of plans for the siting of fuel- reprocessing plants in relation to the siting of the ultimate storage areas, considering also the trans- portation problems. Recommendation 76 It is recommended: (a) That a major effort be undertaken to develop monitoring and both epidemiological and experimental research programmes providing data for early warning and prevention of the deleterious effects of the various environmental agents, acting singly or in coiiibiiiation, to which man is increasingly exposed, directly or indirectly, and for the assessment of their potential risks I to human health, with particular regard to the risks of mutagenicity, teratogenicity and carcinogenicity. Such procrammes should be guided and coordinated by the World Health Organization; _ (b) That the World Health Organization coordinate the development and implementation of an appropriate international collection and dissemination system to correlate medical, environmental and family-history data; (c) That Governments actively support and contribute to international programmes for research and development of guidelines concerning environmental factors in the work environment. Recommendation 77 It is recommended that the World Health Organization, in collaboration with the relevant agencies, in the context of an approved programme, and with a view to suggesting necessary action, assist Governments, particularly those of developing countries, in undertaking coordinated programmes of monitoring of air and water and in establishing monitoring systems in areas where there may be a risk to health from pollution. Recommendation 78 It is recommended that internationally coordinated programmes of research and monitoring of food contamination by chemical and biological agent be established and developed jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization, taking into account national programmes, and that the results of monitoring be expeditiously assembled, evaluated and made available so as to provide early information on rising trends of contamination and on levels that may be considered undesirable or may lead to unsafe human intakes. Recommendation 79 It is recommended: (a) That approximately 10 baseline stations be set up, with the consent of the States involved, in areas remote from all sources of pollution in order to monitor longterm global trends in atmospheric constituents and properties which may cause changes in meteorological properties, including climatic changes; (b) That a much larger network of not less than 100 stations be set up, with the consent of the States involved, for monitoring properties and constituents of the atmosphere on a regional basis and especially changes in the distribution and concentration of contaminants; (c) That these programmes be guided and coordinated by the World Meteorological Organization; (d) That the World Meteorological Organization, in cooperation with the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), continue to carry out the Global Atmospheric Research Programme (GARP), and if necessary establish new programmes to understand better the general circulation of the atmosphere and the causes of climatic changes whether these causes are natural or the result of man's activities. Recommendation 80 It is recommended that the Secretary-General ensure: (a) That research activities in terrestrial ecology be encouraged, Supported and coordinated through the appropriate agencies, so as to provide adequate knowledge of the inputs, movements, residence times and ecological effects of pollutants identified as critical; (b) That regional and global networks of existing and, where necessary, new research stations, research centres, and biological reserves be designated or established within the framework of the Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) in all major ecological regions, to facilitate intensive analysis of the structure and functioning of ecosystems under natural or managed conditions; (c) That the feasibility of using stations participating in this programme for surveillance of the effects of pollutants on ecosystems be investigated; (d) That programmes such as the Man and the Biosphere Programme be used to the extent possible to monitor: (i) the accumulation of hazardous compounds in biological and abiotic material at representative sites; (ii) the effect of such accumulation on the reproductive success and population size of selected species. Recommendation 81 it is recommended that the World Health Organization, together with the international organizations concerned, continue to study, and establish, primary standards for the protection of the human organism, especially from pollutants that are common to air, water and food, as a basis for the establishment of derived working limits. Recommendation 82 It is recommended that increased support be given to the Codex Alimentarius Commission to develop inter- national standards for pollutants in food and a code of ethics for international food trade, and that the capa- bilities of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization to assist materially and to guide developing countries in the field of food control be increased. Recommendation 83 It is recommended that the appropriate United Nations agences develop agreed procedures for setting derived working limits for common air and water contaminants. Recommendation 84 It is recommended that Governments make available, through the International Referral System established in pursuance of recommendation 101 of this Conference, such information as may be requested on their pollution research and pollution control activities, including legislative and administrative arrangements, research on more efficient pollution control technology, and cost-benefit methodology. Recommendation 85 It is recommended that any mechanism for coordinating and stimulating the actions of the different United Nations organs in connexion with environmental problems include among its functions: (a) Development of an internationally accepted procedure for the identification of pollutants of international significance and for the definition of the degree and scope of international concern; (b) Consideration of the appointment of appropriate intergovernmental, expert bodies to assess quantitatively the exposures, risks, pathways and sources of pollutants of international significance; (e) Review and coordination of international cooperation for pollution control, ensuring in particular that needed measures shall be taken and that measures taken in regard to various media and sources shall be consistent with one another: Exaniiiiation of the needs for technical assistance to Governnients in the study of pollution problems particular those involvings international distribution oi pollutants; (e) Encouragement of the establishment of consultation mechanisms for speedy iniplementation of concerted abatenient progranii-nes with particular emphasis on regional activities. B. MARINE POLLUTION Recommendation 86 It is recommended that Governments, with the assistance and guidance of appropriate United Nations bodies, iii particular the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP): (a) Accept and iinplenient available iiistrunients on the control of the maritime sources of marine pollution; (b) Ensure that the provisions of such instrunients are compil ed with by ships flying their flags atid by ships operating in areas under their jurisdiction and that adequate provisions are made for reviewing the effectiveness of, and revising, existing and proposed international measures for control of marine pollution; (c) Ensure that ocean dumping by their nationals anywhere, or by any person in areas under their jurisdiction, is controlled and that Governments shall continue to work towards the completion of, and bringing into force as soon as possible of, an over-all instrument for the control of ocean dumping as well as needed regional agreements within the framework of this instrument, in particular for enclosed and semi-enclosed seas, which are more at risk from pollution; (d) Refer the draft articles and annexes contained in the report of the intergovernmental meetings at Reykjavik, Iceland, in April 1972 and in London in May 1972 to the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the Scabed and the Ocean Floor beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction at its session in July/August 1972 for information and comments and to a conference of Governments to be convened by the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in consultation with the Secretary-General of the United Nations before November 1972 for further consideration, with a view to opening the proposed convention for signature at a place to be decided by that Conference, preferably before the end of 1972; (e) Participate fully iii the 1973 Intergoverni-nental Maritime Consultative Orgaiijzation (IMCO) Conference on Marine Pollution and the Conference on the Law of the Sea scheduled to begin in 1973, as well as in regional efforts, with a view to bringing all significant sources of polluti*on within the marine environment, including radioactive pollution from nuclear surface ships and submarines, and in particular in enclosed and seini-enclosed seas, under appropriate controls and particularly to complete elimination of deliberate pollution , Dy Oil from ships, with the goal of achieving this by the middle of the present decade; Strengthen national controls over land-based sources of marine pollution, in particular in enclosed and seini- enclosed seas and recognize that, in some circumstances, the discharge of residual heat from nuclear and other power-stations niav constitute a potential liazard to marine ecosystems. Recommendation 87 It is recommended that Governments: (a) Support national research and monitorino efforts ttiat contribute to agreed international programmes for research and monitoring in the niarine environment, in particular the Global Investigation of Pollution in the Marine Environment (GIPME) and the Integrated Global Ocean Station System (IGOSS)I- (b) Provide to the United Nations, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, as appropriate to the data-eatliering activities of each, statistics on the production and use of toxic or dangerous substances that are potential marine pollutants, especially if they are persistent; (c) Expand their support to coiiiponeiits of the United Nations system concerned with research and i-nonitoring in the marine environment and adopt the measures required to improve the constitutional, financial and operational basis under which the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission is at present operating so as to make it an effective io'nt niechanism for the Governments and United Nations orcanizations concerned (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Meteorological Organization, Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization, United Nations) and in order that it may be able to take on additional responsibilities for the promotion and coordination of scientific programmes and services. Recommendation 88 It is recommended that the Secretary-General, together with the sponsoring agencies, make it possible for the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP): (a) To re-examine annually, and revise as required, its "Review of Harmful Chemical Substances' with a view to elaborating further its assessment of sources, pathways and resulting risks of marine pollutants; (b) To assemble, having regard to other work in progress, scientific data and to provide advice on scientific aspects of marine pollution, especially those of an interdisciplinary nature. Recommendation 89 It is recommended that the Secretary-General ensure: (a) That mechanisms for combining world statistics on mining, production, processing, transport and use of potential marine pollutants shall be developed along with methods for identifying high-priority marine pollutants based in part on such data; (b) That the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP), in consultation with other expert groups, propose guidelines for test programmes to evaluate toxicity of potential marine pollutants; (c) That the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Health Organization, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and the International Atomic Energy Agency encourage studies of the effects of high-priority marine pollutants on man and other organisms, with appropriate emphasis on chronic, low-level exposures; (d) That the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization, explore the possibility of establishing an international institute for tropical marine studies, which would undertake training as well as research. Recommendation 90 It is recommended that the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, jointly with the World Meteorological Organization and, as appropriate, in cooperation with other interested intergovernmental bodies, promote the monitoring of marine pollution, preferably within the framework of the Integrated Global Ocean Station System (IGOSS), as well as the development of methods for monitoring high-priority marine pollutants in the water, sediments and organisms, with advice from the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP) on intercomparability of methodologies. Recommendation 91 It is recommended that the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission: (a) Ensure that provision shall be made in international marine research, monitoring and related activities for the exchange, dissemination, and referral to sources of data and information on baselines and on marine pollution and that attention shall be paid to the special needs of developing countries; (b) Give full consideration, with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Meteorological Organization, the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization, the World Health Organization, the intemational Atomic Energy Agency, the International Hydrographic Organization and the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and other interested and relevant organizations, to the strengthening of on-going marine and related data and information exchange and dissemination activities; (c) Support the concept of development of an interdisciplinary and interorganizational system primarily involving centres already in existence; (d)Initiate an interdisciplinary marine pollution data and scientific information referral capability. Recommendation 92 It is recommended: (a) That Governments collectively endorse the principles set forth in paragraph 197 of Conference document A/CONF.48/8 4 as guiding concepts for the Conference on the Law of the Sea and the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) Marine Pollution Conference scheduled to be held in 1973 and also the statement of objectives agreed on at the second session of the Intergovernmental Working Group on Marine Pollution, which reads as follows: "The marine environment and all the living organisms which it supports are of vital importance to humanity, and all people have an interest in assuring that this environment is so managed that its quality and resources are not impaired. This applies especially to coastal nations, which have a particular interest in the management of coastal area resources. The capacity of the sea to assimilate wastes and render them harmless and its ability to regenerate natural resources are not unlimited. Proper management is required and measures to prevent and control marine pollution must be regarded as an essential element in this management of the oceans and seas and their natural resources"; and that, in respect of the particular interest of coastal States in the marine environment and recognizing that the resolution of this question is a matter for consideration at the Conference on the Law of the Sea, they take note of the principles on the rights of coastal States discussed but neither endorsed nor rejected at the second session of the Intergovernmental Working Group on Marine Pollution and refer those principles to the 1973 Inter- Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization Conference for information and to the 1973 Conference on the Law of the Sea for such action as may be appropriate; (b) That Governments take early action to adopt effective national measures for the control of all significant sources of marine pollution, including land-based sources, and concert and coordinate their actions regionally and where appropriate on a wider international basis; (c) That the Secretary-General, in cooperation with appropriate intemational organizations, endeavour to provide guidelines which Governments might wish to take into account when developing such measures. Recommendation 93 It is recommended that any mechanism for coordinating and stimulating the actions of the different United Nations organs in connexion with environmental problems include aniong its functions over-all responsibility for ensuring that needed advice on inarine pollution problems shall be provided to Governments. Recommendation 94 It is recommended that the Secretary-General, with the cooperation of United Nations bodies, take steps to secure additional financial support to those training and other programmes of assistance that contribute to increasing the capacity of developing countries to participate in international research, monitoring and pollutioncontrol programmes. EDUCATIONAL, INFORMATIONAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Recommendation 95 It is recommended that the Secretary-General make arrangenients for the United Nations system: (a) To provide countries on request with tile necessary technical and financial assistance iii preparing national reports on the environment, in setting up machinery for monitoring environmental developments from the.social and cultural standpoint and, in particular, in drawing up national social, educational and cultural programmes; (h) To support and encourage projects for continuing cooperation amono, national social, educational and cultural programmes, including their economic aspects, in an international network. The organizations of the United Nations system, includin(' the regional economic commissions and the United Nations Economic Social Office in Beirut, will be called upon to participate in this activity, as will other international governmental and non-governmental agencies; (c) To organize the exchange of information on experience, methods and work in progress in connexion with continuous social diagnosis, particularly at the regional level and between regions with common problems; (d) To facilitate the development of social and cultural indicators for the environment, in order to establish a common methodology for assessing environmental developments and preparing reports on the subject; (e) To prepare, on the basis of the national reports on the state of, and outlook for, the environment, periodic reports on regional or subregional situations and on the international situation in this matter. The activities described above could be coordinated by the new bodies for environmental coordination, taking into account the priorities agreed upon according to the resources available. International bodies responsible for technical and financial cooperation and assistance could also help in carrying out these tasks. Recommendation 96 1. It is recommended that the Secretary-General, the organizations of the United Nations system, especially the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, and the other international agencies concerned, should, after consultation and agreement, take the necessary steps to establish an international programme iii environmental education, interdisciplinary ill approach, in school and out of school, encompassing all levels of education and directed towards the general public, in particular the ordinary citizen living in rural and urban areas, youth and adult alike, with a view to educating him as to the simple steps lie might take, within his means, to manage and control his environment. A programme of technical and financial cooperation and assistance will be needed to support this programme, taking into account the pr@orities agreed upon according to the resources available. This programme should include, among other things: (a) The preparation of an inventory of existing systems of education which include environmental education; (b) The exchange of information on such systems and, in particular, disseinination of the results of experiments in teaching; (c)The traiiiitig and retraining of professional workers in various disciplines at various levels (including teacher training); (d) Consideration of the formation of Groups of experts in envi'roiiniental disciplines and activities, in- cluding those concerning the economic, sociological, tourist and other sectors, in order to facilitate the ex- change of exper@ence between countries which have similar environmental cond@tions and comparable levels of development-, (e) The development and testing of new materials and methods for all types and levels of environmental education. 2. It is further recommended that United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, under the Man and the Biosphere Programme, the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organ- Iza!ion of the United Nations, the United Nations inci@strial Development Organization, the World Mete- orological Organization and all the organizations concerned, including the scientific unions coordinated by the International Council of Scientific Unions, should develop their activities in studying desirable innovations in the training of specialists-and technicians and, in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme, should encourage the institution, at the regional and the international level, of courses and training periods devoted to the environment. 3.It is further recommended that international organizations for voluntary service, and, in particular, the International Secretariat for Volunteer Service, should include environmental skills in the serv*ces they provide, in consultation with the United Nations Development Programme through the United Nations Volunteer Programme. Reconitnendation 97 1. It is recommended that the Secretary-General make arrangements: (a) To establish an information programme designed to create the awareness which individuals should have of environmental issues and to associate the public with environmental management and control. This programme will use traditional and contemporary mass media of communication, taking distinctive national conditions into account. In addition, the programme must p@ovide means of stimulating active participation by the citizens, and of eliciting interest and contributions from non-governmental organizations for the preservation ana development of the environment; (b) To institute the observance of a World Environment Day (c) For the preparatory documents and official documents of the Conference to be translated into the widest possible range of languages and circulated as widely as possible; (d) To integrate relevant information on the environment in all its various aspects into the activities of the information organs of the United Nations system; (e) To develop technical cooperation, particularly through and between the United Nations regional eco- nomic commissions and the United Nations Economic and Social Office in Beirut. 2. It is also recommended that the Secretary-General and the development agencies make arrangements to use and adapt certain international development programmes-provided that this can be done without delaying their execution-so as to improve the dissemination of information and to strengthen community action on environment problems, especially among the oppressed and underprivileged peoples of the earth. Recommendation 98 It is recommended that Governments, with the assistance of the Secretary-General, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization and the other international and regional intergovernmental and non-governmental agencies concerned, should continue the preparation of the present and future conventions required for the conservation of the world's natural resources and cultural heritage. In the course of this preparatory work, Governments should consider the possibility of putting into operation systems of protection for elements of the world heritage, under which those Governments that wish to save elements of their national heritage of universal value would be able to obtain from the international community, on request, the technical and financial assistance required to bring their efforts to fruition. Recommendation 99 1. It is recommended that Governments should: (a) Noting that the draft convention prepared by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultur@l Organization concerning the protection of the world natural and cultural heritage marks a significant step towards the protection, on an international scale, of the environment, examine this draft convention with a view to its adoption at the next General Conference of UNESCO; (b) Whenever appropriate, sign the Convention on Conservation of Wetlands of International Importance; 2. It is recommended that the Secretary-General, in consultation with the competent agencies of the United Nations system and the non-governmental organizations concerned, make arrangements for a detailed study of all i3ossible procedures for protecting certain islands for science; 3. It is recommended that a plenipotentiary conference be convened as soon as possible, under appropriate governmental or intergovernmental auspices, to prepare and adopt a convention on export, import and transit of certain species of wild animals and plants. Recommendation 100 It is recommended that the Secretary-General make arrangements: (a) To be kept informed of national pilot schemes for new forms of environmental management; (b)To assist countries, on request, with their research and experiments; (c) To organize the international exchange of inform- ation collected on this subject. Recommendation 101 It is recommended that the Secretary-General take the appropriate steps, including the convening of an expert meeting, to organize an International Referral Service for sources of environmental information, taking into account the model described in paragraphs 129 to 136 of the report on educational, informational, social and cultural aspects of environmental issues (A/CONF.48/9), in order to assist in the successful implementation of all the.recommendations made in respect of those aspects of environmental issues and of most of the recommendations envisaged in the other substantive subject areas covered in the Conference agenda. DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT Recommendation 102 It is recommended that the appropriate regional organizations give full consideration to the following steps: (a) Preparing short-term and long-term plans at regional, subregional and sectoral levels for the study and identification of the major environmental problems faced by the countries of the region concerned as well as the special problems of the least developed countries of the region and of countries with coastlines and inland lakes and rivers exposed to the risk of marine and other forms of pollution; (b) Evaluating the administrative, technical and legal solutions to various environmental problems in terms of both preventive and remedial measures, taking into account possible alternative and/or multidisciplinary approaches to development; (c) Preparation, within the framework of international agreements, of legislative measures designed to protect marine (and fresh-water) fisheries resources within the limits of their national jurisdiction; (d) Increasing and facilitating, in the context of development and as proposed in the World Plan of Action for the Application of Science and Technology to Development, the acquisition and distribution of information and experience to member countries through global and regional cooperation, with particular emphasis on an international information referral nftwork@ approach and on a regular exchange of information anct observation among the regional organizations; (e)Establishing facilities for the exchange of information and experience between less industrialized c ? untries which, although situated in different regions,.,n@e similar problems as a result of common physicai, cilmatic and other factors; (f) Encouraging the training of personnel in the techniques of incorporating environmental considera- tions into developmental planning, and of identifying and analysing the economic and social cost-benefit relationships of alternative approaches; (g) Establishing criteria, concepts and a terminology of the hui-nan environment through interdisciplinary efforts; (h) Establishing and disseminating information on the significant environmental problems of each region and the nature and result of steps taken to cope with them; (i) Providing and coordinating technical assistance activities directed towards establishing systems of environmental research, information and analysis at the national level; (j) Assisting developing countries, in cooperation with appropriate international agencies, in promoting elementary education, with emphasis on hygiene, anci in developing and applying suitable methods for imp@oving health, housing, sanitation and water supply, ana controlling soil erosion. Empha